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Title

Diabetes Mellitus: Management for the Prevention and Treatment of Complications Including Renal Disease (1 credit hours)

Abstract

The module describes the components of effective management of diabetes mellitus types 1 and 2. These components include nutritional therapy, pharmacological management, and physical activity planning. The module further details the combination and application of these components as appropriate to type 1 and 2 diabetes and to patient considerations. The role and limitations of self-monitoring of blood glucose in maintenance of near-normal glucose levels are detailed. Prior completion of the Diabetes Mellitus: Overview for the Patient on Dialysis Therapy module is recommended.

Planners, content specialists and feedback personnel have declared that there is no conflict of interest in the preparation and content of this module. There is no commercial support for or endorsement of products in this module.

Author

Cheryl Jefferies, RN, MSN

Cheryl Jefferies is Assistant Professor of Nursing at Sinclair Community College and has practiced nursing for 30 years. She was an associate of Usah Lilavivat, MD, of Sumter (now Carolina) Medical Specialists, where she functioned as diabetes educator and diabetes clinical specialist. She has conducted research in diabetes, maintained practice as a Certified Diabetes Educator (former), and served as the Patient Education Committee Chairperson of the South Carolina Affiliate of the American Diabetes Association. She has appeared on television and radio as a diabetes spokesperson and has conducted numerous public education meetings and seminars on diabetes. A member of the American Association of Diabetes Educators, the professional arm of the American Diabetes Association, and Sigma Theta Tau, the international nursing research and honor society, Cheryl is a graduate of the Monterey Institute of International Studies, Central Texas College, and the Medical University of South Carolina (Charleston).

Objectives

Describe types 1 and type 2 forms of diabetes mellitus.

Cite important considerations of an effective disease management plan.

Discuss important nutritional therapy considerations for effective management of diabetes mellitus.

Explain components of an effective pharmacological management plan for diabetes mellitus.

Cite the benefits and potential risk considerations of each aspect of an effective activity and exercise plan in the management of diabetes mellitus.

Define Self Monitoring of Blood Glucose (SMBG).

Describe important considerations of SMBG related to an effective diabetes management plan.

Resources

Bibliography
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White J. Pharmacological Therapies: A Core Curriculum for Diabetes Education. 3rd ed. Chicago: American Association of Diabetes Educators; 1998.

Webliography
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Division of Diabetes Translation. Diabetes Public Health Resource web site. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/index.htm. Accessed July 7, 2005.

Diabetes Research in Children Network (DirecNet) Study Group. Accuracy of the GlucoWatch G2 Biographer and the Continuous Glucose Monitoring System During Hypoglycemia: Experience of the Diabetes Research in Children Network. Diabetes Care. 2004; 27: 722-726. Available at: http://care.diabetesjournals.org/cgi/content/full/27/3/722. Accessed July 7, 2005.

Esposito L. Tweaking Nutrition Labels: FDA aims for prominent calorie counts, realistic serving sizes. DOC News. April 1, 2005; 2(4):7. Available at: http://docnews.diabetesjournals.org/cgi/content/full/2/4/7. Accessed July 7, 2005.

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Herbst KL and Hirsch IB. Insulin Strategies for Primary Care Providers. Clinical Diabetes. 2002; 20:11-17. Available at: http://clinical.diabetesjournals.org/cgi/content/full/20/1/11. Accessed July 7, 2005.

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National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. 2003. Diabetes Dictionary. Available at: http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/dictionary/ Accessed July 7, 2005.

Sigal RJ, Kenny GP, Wasserman DH and Castaneda-Sceppa C. Physical Activity/Exercise and Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004;27:2518-2539. Available at: http://care.diabetesjournals.org/cgi/content/full/27/10/2518?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&author1= SIGAL&searchid=1121204291303_10701&stored_search=&FIRSTINDEX =0&sortspec=relevance&journalcode=diacare. Accessed July 7, 2005.

Siminerio LM. Why Are We Still Failing to Prevent Diabetes? Reimbursement for lifestyle interventions remains critical. DOC News. July 1, 2005; 2(7)7: 4. Available at: http://docnews.diabetesjournals.org/cgi/content/full/2/7/4. Accessed July 7, 2005.

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White JR Jr and Campbell RK. Recent Developments in the Pharmacological Reduction of Blood Glucose in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. Clinical Diabetes. 2001; 19:153-159. Available at: http://clinical.diabetesjournals.org/cgi/content/full/19/4/153. Accessed July 7, 2005.

White JR Jr and Campbell RK. Inhaled Insulin: An Overview. Clinical Diabetes. 2001; 19:13-16. Available at:http://clinical.diabetesjournals.org/cgi/content/full/19/1/13. Accessed July 7, 2005.

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