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| Title |
| Pharmacology for Dialysis Practitioners, Part 5: Antimicrobials and Endocrine Agents (1.5 credit hours) |
| Abstract |
| This course pairs a consideration of antimicrobial/antibiotic agents with an examination of pancreatic and ovarian hormones. Description of antimicrobial agents includes an overview of mechanisms and an analysis of beta lactam derivatives (penicillins, cephalosporins), macrolides, tetracycline, fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides. The hormonal portion addresses the endocrine pancreas including the actions and indications for insulin, oral antidiabetic agents, and glucagon. Overview of the female sex hormones includes the general metabolic functions of estrogen and progesterone; adverse effects associated with estrogen and progestins; current opinions regarding estrogen replacement; and contraceptive mechanisms for combination and estrogen-only products.
Planners, content specialists and feedback personnel have declared that there is no conflict of interest in the preparation and content of this module. There is no commercial support for or endorsement of products in this module. |
| Author |
Dan Becker, D.D.S
 Dr.
Becker received his bachelor of science in zoology from Ohio University
in 1968 and his doctor of dental surgery from Ohio State University in
1972. Although Dr. Becker is a dentist, his interest always centered on academia and
he began teaching biology at Sinclair Community College (Dayton, OH) as a part-time instructor in the
autumn of 1972. He accepted a full-time faculty position in the Dental
Hygiene department in 1976, but continued his teaching within the Biology
department as well.
Dr. Becker's
interest in pharmacology and anesthesia attracted him to Miami Valley
Hospital where he became involved with their dental residency instructing dental residents and learning from mentors during rotations
within departments of anesthesia and emergency medicine. During
this time, he developed and taught courses in pharmacology and pathophysiology
for nursing and other allied health programs until his teaching at Sinclair
became entirely devoted to these subject areas. Currently he is a full
professor at Sinclair Community College and Associate Director of Education
at Miami Valley Hospital. He has published in numerous scientific journals
and textbooks, and lectures extensively throughout the United States and
Canada.
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| Objectives |
- Describe four general mechanisms by which
antimicrobial agents act and offer example agents using each mechanism.
- Compare and contrast the penicillins and cephalosporins.
- State the principal indications and side effects for macrolides, tetracycline fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides.
- Distinguish the action of insulin from that of oral hypoglycemics and
antihyperglycemics.
- Describe the general metabolic functions of estrogen and progesterone.
- Discuss the adverse effects associated with estrogens and progestins,
and current opinions regarding postmenopausal hormone replacement.
- Explain the proposed contraceptive mechanism for combination products
and progestin only products.
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| Resources |
Bibliography
Part A
Abramowicz M. (Editor) Choice of antibacterial drugs. The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics. 2002;44:34-54 Chambers HF. Antimicrobial Agents: General Considerations. In: Hardman JG, Limbird LE, eds. Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 10th edition. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2001.
Classen DC, Evans RS, Pestotnik SL, et al. The timing of prophylactic
administration of antibiotics and the risk of surgical-wound infection.
N Engl J Med 1992;326:281-6
Olin BR, Hebel SK, Dombek CE, editors. Drug Facts and Comparisons. 2003 edition. St Louis: Facts and Comparisons, Inc 2003.> Shepherd GM. Allergy to beta-lactam antibiotics. Immunol Allergy Clin
N Amer 1991;11(3):611-633.
Part B
Abramowicz M. (Editor) Oral contraceptives. The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics. 2000;42:42-44. American Diabetes Association. Report of the Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care 1997;20(7):1183-97. Davis SN, Granner DK. Insulin, Oral Hypoglycemic Agents, and the Pharmacology of the Endocrine Pancreas. In: Hardman JG, Limbird LE. Eds. Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 10th edition. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2001. Fletcher SW, Colditz GA. Failure of estrogen plus progestin therapy for prevention. JAMA. 2002;288(3):366-68 Glasier A. Emergency postcoital contraception. N Engl J Med 1997;337(15):1058-64. (Editorial: pages 1078-9) Loose-Mitchell DS, Stancel GM. Estrogens and Progestins. In: Hardman JG, Limbird LE. Eds. Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 10th edition. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2001. Manson JE, Martin KA. Postmenopausal hormone-replacement therapy. N Engl J Med 2001;345:34-40. Olin BR, Hebel SK, Dombek CE, editors. Drug Facts and Comparisons. 2003 edition. St Louis: Facts and Comparisons, Inc 2003. Rosenberg L; Palmer JR; Sands MI; Grimes D; Bergman U; Daling J; Mills A. Modern oral contraceptives and cardiovascular disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997 Sep;177(3):707-15 Van Os WA; Edelman DA; Rhemrev PE; Grant S. Oral contraceptives and breast cancer risk. Adv Contracept 1997 Mar;13(1):63-9. Vandenbroucke JP, Rosing J, et al. Oral contraceptives and the risk of venous thrombosis. N Engl J Med 2001;344:1527-35. Writing Group for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: Principal results from the women's health initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002;288(3):321-333
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